First off, I read the first page of this post and tried to read the second, but it was too masochistic for me. The Higgs Field and Higgs Boson particle are NOT what you envision. They are formal scientific theories and are not subject to interpretation (at least, as to what they are!). Second off, The Big Bang is almost certainly what happened as I will explain later, and dark matter and dark energy are two separate concepts, that like the Higgs Field and The Big Bang, are formal scientific theories and are not subject to interpretation as to what they are (didn't it ever occur to any of you that what you were talking about was science and not philosophy and it would be plain incorrect to say “Well for me, this is [insert random belief here]”? And third off: I am sorry for writing in this style but each increasingly incorrect and at times, plain strange misconceptions and stereotypes involved in the posts here make me want to bang my head against a brick wall screaming out “Mankind has no future with Philosophers!”
Now that that's done with, let me get down to explaining (neutrally and scientifically) the concepts of dark matter, dark energy, the big bang, and the Higgs field and Higgs Boson particle. Let me start off with the Higgs field and Higgs Boson particle.
First off, they are two different things. The Higgs Field is an invisible (although now almost certainly proven true) field that exists everywhere, even in empty space. It is responsible for giving mass (weight, if you don't quite understand the concept of mass in this context) to every particle. Imagine a mob of paparazzi as the Higgs Field and Johnny Depp and an unknown actor as two different particles. Now because the paparazzi is very interested in Johnny Depp, he has a hard time getting through the Higgs Field and has to push and shove to get to his limo. Because he is interacting with the Higgs Field (as well as the other way around), he gains lots of mass by “moving” through this field. Now, the relatively unknown actor walks through easily, as the paparazzi just isn't interested in taking his picture, or anything of the like. Ergo, he moves much easier through the Higgs Field, gaining less mass. The Higgs Boson particle is an “excitement” of the Higgs Field that is basically a way of proving that the Higgs Field exists because the equations require that particle. The Higgs Boson particle does not give mass to anything.
Now, to tackle dark matter and dark energy. Again, they are two completely unrelated concepts, which just happen to have similar names. In order for you to really get the gist of dark energy, I have to explain something more historical in the field of cosmology, known as Einstein's “cosmological constant”. In Einstein's time, the Universe was considered to not be contracting or expanding, but static. Unmoving, unchanging in structure, (and before quantum mechanics, deterministic). Now, when Einstein proposed his general theory of relativity, it suggested that the Universe was either expanding or contracting (please don't ask me specifically why, I'm not a physicist by career, I'm a twelve year old, albeit deeply into cosmology and philosophy, but that's not the point). That was a problem with scientists. Generally, cosmologists are very conservative when it comes to accepting new ideas and concepts that contradict was generally accepted before. So Einstein “needed” to write in a few new equations so that the Universe would not contract due to the pull of gravity by galaxies, or expanding by some other means. So, in order to contradict gravity, he added a few equations (the cosmological constant) that made space “push” galaxies away just enough to keep the Universal structure in check.
However, in the 1930's, Edward Hubble discovered that the galaxies were moving away from each other (meaning the Universe was expanding) so the “need” for a cosmological constant went out the window. The Big Bang was now the explanation for the expansion of the Universe (which means the original push from the Big Bang throws the galaxies away from eachother). This was an honest shock to scientists.
Later (15 ~ years ago), however, it was discovered that galaxies were flying away from eachother faster than before, meaning the expansion of the Universe was accelerating. This made a scandal in the field of cosmology and in addition, threw everything we understood about the Universe into chaos. Then, with the addition of a slightly stronger “cosmological constant” (dark energy) the physics made sense again. Now you may be wondering, why is it such a problem that the Universe is expanding faster? Well, now that there was no cosmological constant, and the ever dissipating force of the Big Bang was losing ground to gravity, expansion was expected to slow. However, it obviously wasn't, so the idea that space itself pushed things apart in a cosmological constant/dark energy sort of way was needed once more.
Just a side note here, I'm a teenager and haven't slept in 19 hours, I'm sorry if my writing is a bit boggy or redundant. Anyway, the point of dark energy is that it is a power intrinsic to empty (like totally empty) space, and that its basic function is to push matter apart. You may very well ask, if this oh so powerful and mysterious force tears matter apart on a HUGE scale, then why does it have so much trouble tearing apart, say, an atom? The Answer: Because there is more empty space in the space between galaxies then there is inside galaxies, planets, buildings, etc. Ergo, it is easier to push galaxies away then it is to break an atom. You could also ask me, why does dark energy exist (that's more of a metaphysical question, if any of you were thinking of it) or perhaps how come dark energy is necessary in that precise manner, or some specific scientific question I can't answer because I'm 12, tired, hungry, and I've done enough. Wikipedia or Google it, there is tons of free high quality information on the web (I suggest NOVA documentaries, or perhaps miniseries like How the Universe Works).
Dark matter is the (kind of) opposite of dark energy. It doesn't push galaxies apart, it keeps galaxies together. Recently, there was a discovery that the mass of the center of galaxies does not have the required gravity to keep the outer layers bound to the rest of the galaxy. Dark matter is an invisible (though almost certainly real in some form or another) and very light (at least relative to luminous matter) and very abundant (constitutes 84% of all matter but only 23% of all mass-energy) type of matter. It does exist outside of galaxies, and I presume, very frequently, there might even be galaxies or nebula, though not the appropriate term.
Now, the Big Bang is a more complex and descriptive subject that I should be careful on. Bare with me when I say this. The basic idea of the birth of the Universe is that out of nothing, an infinitely(?) hot, dense, and tiny point of energy, with so much gravity, that it literally contracted all of spacetime into nothingness, appeared. Now, there are much more rational theories (personally, I am an advocate for the theory of continual creation, where the Universe expands and crunches back together again, starting a new Universe, although just a popular theory) to explain the Big Bang. But leave aside that creation point which can be assessed in other ways. Because (believe it or not) in areas so relatively light as black holes space and time are already collapsed into a nonexistence, the Big Bang is so much denser by comparison, that it literally is the start of time and space. Scientists believe this because it is visible in our Universe today! If you look at a galaxy one billion light years away, that means that whatever you're seeing conspired a billion years ago. Correct? So if you look at galaxies 13-14 billion miles away, you no longer see galaxies, but dust and clouds of hot gas (very hot gas) that were the normal state of the Universe before the formation of stars or galaxies (because the Big Bang had only recently occurred). The only (reasonably explained) way to explain those clouds of dust and gas, followed by the visible progression of galaxies, is by the Big Bang, as it would expand and throw out gas like this. The normal laws of physics ensue, stars, nebula, galaxies, clusters, superclusters of galaxies form and life forms. That is the story of our Universe, at least, how we believe it goes.
The philosophical implications of the The Big Bang theory are important especially on theism and the concept of the birth of the Universe (though it could be said the Big Bang is the way of God but isn't that the basic Clockwork Universe theory?) but also on concepts of free will and determinism especially if you get down to the aspects of M Theory (String theory) and quantum mechanics. The philosophical implications of the Higgs Field (and the Higgs particle that proves its existence) may be just as far reaching as the Big Bang as it provides information as to the reason of the nonconformity (Thank God) of the Universe through the giving of mass. Without the Field, we could not exist (or except by some similar fashioned theory). Dark matter keeps our galaxy together. I'm sure everyone's grateful for that! Dark energy gives us clues about the ultimate fate of our Universe. THAT may be the most important of all. One last thing before I collapse from exhaustion, PLEASE before discussing philosophy make sure you are well informed about the subject (especially, especially when it comes to astrophysics/cosmology). Now good night my older unemployed brethren! (Reference to the stereotypical unemployed philosopher beliefs of today's society)
-- Updated September 12th, 2012, 12:06 am to add the following --
Oh and by the way, be sure to check out my philosophy blog!!

It's not really updated yet, but I have two or three good essays in store waiting to be posted!

-- Updated September 12th, 2012, 12:10 am to add the following --
Silly me, so tired, forget the link: AHH Damn regulations! Can't post the link.