Whale brain vs human brain - what defines the origin of 'human intelligence'?

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Whale brain vs human brain - what defines the origin of 'human intelligence'?

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Following a topic about 'consciousness without a brain / with just a tiny bit of a brain', I intend to start a new topic about the opposite of the spectrum: consciousness with a brain 6x as large as that of the human and a brain that is more advanced when it concerns neurons related to 'human intelligence' and emotions.

From both a genetic and physiological perspective, the brain neurons of mice and whales are very similar to that of a human and wales have a 6x larger brain than humans.

whale-vs-human-brain.jpeg
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When it concerns the question: what makes a whale brain different from that of a human? (why is a human more intelligent), the answer of science has been "cortical neurons" (grey matter).
More specifically, higher intelligence has been associated with larger cortical grey matter in the prefrontal and posterior temporal cortex in adults (cortical neurons).
In the following example of an article from 2016, the conclusion is that a human brain is more intelligent than that of an elephant because of cortical neurons.

The Paradox of the Elephant Brain
So what do we have that no other animal has? A remarkable number of neurons in the cerebral cortex (cortical neurons), the largest around, attainable by no other species, I say.
https://nautil.us/issue/35/boundaries/t ... hant-brain

A study in 2019 showed that killer whales have more of those cortical neurons than humans, and that they have them for millions of years longer, with more advanced brain structures as a result. This was only discovered recently. Before a few years ago, it was not known that whales also have those neurons.
The killer whale has more gray matter and more cortical neurons than any mammal, including humans.
Humpbacks have humanlike brain cells (spindle cortical neurons)
Humpback whales and killer whales have a type of brain cell seen only in humans, researchers reported on Monday.
https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna15920224

Whales boast the brain cells that 'make us human'
https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn ... -us-human/

Are whales deep thinkers?
Whale and dolphin brains contain specialized brain cells called spindle neurons. These are associated with advanced abilities such as recognising, remembering, reasoning, communicating, perceiving, adapting to change, problem-solving and understanding. So it seems they are deep thinkers! Not only that, but the part of their brain which processes emotions (limbic system) appears to be more complex than our own.
From a neurobiology perspective, the brain of some whales and dolphins is 'more advanced' and 'better equipped' for the task of which science believes that it is the origin of human emotions and intelligence (conscious experience).

In a recent topic it was discussed that there are people with merely 5-10% brain tissue that manage to live a normal and healthy life with a wife, children and a job, or to have a high IQ and complete an academic degree.

Consciousness without a brain?
"Any theory of consciousness has to be able to explain why a person like that, who's missing 90 percent of his neurons, still exhibits normal behaviour," Axel Cleeremans, a professor philosophy of cognitive science from the Université Libre de Bruxelles in Belgium"
viewtopic.php?f=12&t=16742

Considering that the brain neurons in whales and humans are almost the same and they have more of the neurons correlated with 'human intelligence', why are whales not 6x as smart as humans?

As it appears, the brain is merely an instrument and what it is that makes use of the potential provided by the brain, is something else. In humans with merely 5% brain tissue, that 'human origin' manages to keep up and perform quite well, while in whales, 6x as much brain neurons is used for 'being whale'.

Questions:

1) when the brain of a whale is compared with that of a human, what can explain that a human is 'more intelligent' than a whale?

2) what theory could explain human intelligence when the 'origin' is not the brain?

3) is there an indication that the quality 'human being' as origin for its intelligence resides outside the scope of physiology? (ie that 'human being' as a 'kind' is somehow developed and maintained outside the scope of physiology)
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Re: Whale brain vs human brain - what defines the origin of 'human intelligence'?

Post by Steve3007 »

I guess an important point to consider is that the brain of any given animal, including humans, is inextricably linked to the capabilities of the rest of the body of that animal. In our case, a couple of key physical capabilities are the ability to make complex sounds with our throat and mouth parts, and the ability to manipulate objects with our hands with great dexterity. So the key to our huge differences from the rest of the currently extant animal kingdom (though not necessarily huge differences from very recently extinct other hominids) is probably the whole body, and not just the brain.

So there may be very sophisticated brain functions in whales - perhaps much more sophisticated than ours in lots of ways - but they perhaps just don't express themselves in the same ways that ours do because of their relationship to a different body with different capabilities. Or it may simply be that having a lot of neurons doesn't, in itself, result in (what we regard as) sophisticated brain functions, such as abstract concepts like mathematics, unless that neural network is trained by being connected to particular input and output apparatus. It's not just about growing neurons. It's about training them. After all, a million mouse brains, collectively, contains more neurons than a single human brain. But (presumably) a million mouse brains, if somehow connected together, would be no more capable of doing mathematics than one mouse brain.
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Re: Whale brain vs human brain - what defines the origin of 'human intelligence'?

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Would the question "What is it like to be a whale?" be of a different nature than the question "What is it like to be a bat?" when it concerns an animal that has an apparent brain capacity that is greater than that of a human?

An attempt to learn whale language has been initiated in April 2021. As it appears, the study of whale language and intelligence is fairly new as of 2021 (as seen from a status quo perspective). As it appears, a serious effort was never made until now, when considering the origin of project CETI (Cetacean Translation Initiative) that dates from 2017 from scientists who intended to dive into the subject, and apparently needed to start from scratch.

(2021) Groundbreaking effort launched to decode whale language
On a crisp spring morning in 2008, Shane Gero overheard a pair of whales having a chat. The whales “speak” in clicks, which they make in rhythmic series called codas.

If humans were ever to decode the language of whales, or even determine if whales possessed something we might truly call language, we’d need to pair their clicks with the context, which would entail a challenging inter-specie philosophical endeavor.

‘They sound like Morse code’

The project CETI (Cetacean Translation Initiative) started with a marine biologist. In 2017, while a fellow at Harvard University’s Radcliffe Institute, Gruber, a diver, became fascinated with after reading a book about free divers who study them. One day while listening to whale codas on his laptop, another Radcliffe fellow, Shafi Goldwasser, happened by.

“‘Those are really interesting—they sound like Morse code,’” Gruber recalls Goldwasser saying.

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/anim ... -of-whales

As it appears, the endeavor to overcome the language bridge between humans and whales has been initiated by a whale in the past.

The story of a whale who tried to bridge the linguistic divide to communicate with humans
A whale began to attempt to learn and express human speech in an apparent attempt to initiate inter-specie communication.

The science behind the whale's mimicry and its apparent motives reveals something urgent and haunting: the spectral outpourings of a young white whale calling to humans across both time and a vast linguistic divide.

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science- ... 180951437/

It would make one wonder: if a whale can have the intention to overcome a linguistic divide, then, would it be interested to perform science out of itself?

When the whale would be provided with the right growth opportunity, would it be able to develop itself into a being of which its 'intelligence' can be compared with that of a human?
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Re: Whale brain vs human brain - what defines the origin of 'human intelligence'?

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The following 2021 article may be of interest. It is about dolphin intelligence and the future of philosophy.

(2021) Dolphin intelligence and humanity’s cosmic future

The dolphin – that perfect floating signifier – has become a peaceful ‘other’, which we ventriloquise to voice our sense of our own mechanised fallenness.

Plausibly since Homo erectus, our very physiology has been moulded by our inventions. Moreover, it was technology that made humans philosophical. By distancing our ancestors from pressing needs and interests – with crop surpluses and city safeholds – the burgeoning of technological civilisation is what first facilitated disinterested curiosity and enquiry. Without technology, we would be worrying too much about our next meal to be ethicists. We certainly wouldn’t be able to ponder the silence of the cosmos.

Biologist and philosopher Russell Powell and the astrobiologist Kevin Hand, stress that life in an aquatic medium puts major obstructions on the ability to develop tools and technology. This applies here and abroad, to Earth’s oceans as much as Europa’s.

An honorary member of the Order of the Dolphin, philosopher Shklovsky remained adamant that giving up on technoscience would be a fate worse than extinction.

American philosopher Wilfrid Sellars: "it doesn’t matter whether we imagine it happening to a ‘Martian’, a ‘featherless biped’, a 'whale' or even a ‘dolphin’, but once any being has bitten the apple of knowledge – and awoken to the demand to find a foothold for values in a Universe of mute facts – there’s no turning back. The only resolution is ‘eating the apple to the core’."

Could 🐳 whales or 🐬 dolphins be made to 'bite the apple' of science?

Philosopher John Lilly intended to find out and founded the Communication Research Institute in the late 1950's and published research suggesting that his attempts to talk to dolphins were working.


https://aeon.co/essays/dolphin-intellig ... mic-future

More about philosopher John C. Lilly's research into dolphin intelligence:

Image

"In the province of the mind, there are no limits."
https://www.johnclilly.com/
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Re: Whale brain vs human brain - what defines the origin of 'human intelligence'?

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Steve3007 wrote: September 2nd, 2021, 9:33 am I guess an important point to consider is that the brain of any given animal, including humans, is inextricably linked to the capabilities of the rest of the body of that animal. In our case, a couple of key physical capabilities are the ability to make complex sounds with our throat and mouth parts, and the ability to manipulate objects with our hands with great dexterity. So the key to our huge differences from the rest of the currently extant animal kingdom (though not necessarily huge differences from very recently extinct other hominids) is probably the whole body, and not just the brain.

So there may be very sophisticated brain functions in whales - perhaps much more sophisticated than ours in lots of ways - but they perhaps just don't express themselves in the same ways that ours do because of their relationship to a different body with different capabilities. Or it may simply be that having a lot of neurons doesn't, in itself, result in (what we regard as) sophisticated brain functions, such as abstract concepts like mathematics, unless that neural network is trained by being connected to particular input and output apparatus. It's not just about growing neurons. It's about training them. After all, a million mouse brains, collectively, contains more neurons than a single human brain. But (presumably) a million mouse brains, if somehow connected together, would be no more capable of doing mathematics than one mouse brain.
Feral children may prove your case. As it appears, the conclusion from research has been that socialization and culture are an important factor for 'humanity', the foundation for intelligence as seen from humanity's perspective (which would exclude potential advanced, deep and complex dreams and correlated thoughts that a feral child may have, which similarly may exist in whales and dolphins).

The Feral Child: Blurring the Boundary between the Human and the Animal

Each feral child’s case demonstrates the ambiguous boundaries between the human and non-human animal for the time and culture in which they were discovered. Each child was seen as having the potential for humanity while simultaneously being identified as not fully human. David Premack, an expert in psychology, explains that in human social behavior, there is a behavioral counterpart embedded in mental states (Premack 2007, 13865). This suggests that despite one being biologically human, the process of becoming human and therefore being identified as human, is taught through socialization and culture. Humans are tied in a tight social web (Premack 2007, 13865), which is reproduced through human culture. Feral children challenge what being human means because they are human and animal, and they lack socialization, which was, and arguably still is, important to the definition of humanity.

Peter the Wild Boy raises questions about the human mind and serves as an anti-example to it because of his struggles with verbal language and sociability. He also addresses the idea of religion, and a cultural institution and how socialization allows for human behavior to be cultivated. Victor of Aveyron exhibits how emotions and a sense of morality are both aspects of human identity and the wolf-girls Kamala and Amala mix fiction with fact to portray a human reverted to animal. To end this essay the way it began, I wish to return to the beloved tale of The Jungle Book. The last lines of the first chapter explain that Mowgli has decided to return to civilization and that he has left the wild “to meet those mysterious things that are called men” at the break of dawn (Kipling 1893, 42). Perhaps, the story of a fictional wild child summarizes what the real feral children in this essay serve to teach. The essence of humanity is mysterious, and the lines between all animals and humans are blurred, undefined, and continuously changing.


https://www.animalsandsociety.org/human ... 16/7365-2/

When it concerns the 'mind' however (e.g. for the use of science or philosophy), can it be said that whales and dolphins are incapable? If so, can that be made evident based on knowledge of the human brain or do you believe that it would be a mere cultural / upraising barrier?

Image

"The feeling of weirdness came on us as the sounds of this small whale seemed more and more to be forming words in our own human language. We felt we were in the presence of Something, or Someone who was on the other side of the transparent barrier" ~ philosopher John C. Lilly
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Re: Whale brain vs human brain - what defines the origin of 'human intelligence'?

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Steve3007 isn't one of your altnames Dolphin42? Do you have a special connection with those animals?
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Re: Whale brain vs human brain - what defines the origin of 'human intelligence'?

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psyreporter wrote:@Steve3007 isn't one of your altnames @Dolphin42? Do you have a special connection with those animals?
It was, quite a long time ago. That was the only alt-name I've experimented with. It was originally intended to be an experiment to see if I could adopt a radically different persona, with radically different views to my real views, and consistently keep it up. It turned out that I couldn't. Not even with the anonymity of a place like this. So Dolphin42 tended to talk pretty much like Steve3007.

No special connection to dolphins. Just a slightly nerdy love of the Douglas Adams Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy books (which mentioned dolphins and the number 42.)
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Re: Whale brain vs human brain - what defines the origin of 'human intelligence'?

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Steve3007 wrote: September 2nd, 2021, 9:33 am I guess an important point to consider is that the brain of any given animal, including humans, is inextricably linked to the capabilities of the rest of the body of that animal. In our case, a couple of key physical capabilities are the ability to make complex sounds with our throat and mouth parts, and the ability to manipulate objects with our hands with great dexterity. So the key to our huge differences from the rest of the currently extant animal kingdom (though not necessarily huge differences from very recently extinct other hominids) is probably the whole body, and not just the brain.

So there may be very sophisticated brain functions in whales - perhaps much more sophisticated than ours in lots of ways - but they perhaps just don't express themselves in the same ways that ours do because of their relationship to a different body with different capabilities. Or it may simply be that having a lot of neurons doesn't, in itself, result in (what we regard as) sophisticated brain functions, such as abstract concepts like mathematics, unless that neural network is trained by being connected to particular input and output apparatus. It's not just about growing neurons. It's about training them. After all, a million mouse brains, collectively, contains more neurons than a single human brain. But (presumably) a million mouse brains, if somehow connected together, would be no more capable of doing mathematics than one mouse brain.
This is almost certainly the situation. Imagine your own thoughts in the absence of written language, mathematics and technology. The content of your thoughts in that scenario would likely be as far below your current thoughts as the content of whale thoughts to human thoughts.
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Re: Whale brain vs human brain - what defines the origin of 'human intelligence'?

Post by stevie »

psyreporter wrote: September 2nd, 2021, 8:42 am
Questions:

1) when the brain of a whale is compared with that of a human, what can explain that a human is 'more intelligent' than a whale?

2) what theory could explain human intelligence when the 'origin' is not the brain?

3) is there an indication that the quality 'human being' as origin for its intelligence resides outside the scope of physiology? (ie that 'human being' as a 'kind' is somehow developed and maintained outside the scope of physiology)
It's impossible to compare non-human and human being when neuroscience hasn't yet valid knowledge about what 'intelligence' means in the context of human brain/body.

Maybe the investigation should start with 'learning' behaviour analysis (stimulus -> behaviour -> positive/negative reinforcement). Once the differences of 'learning' capacities of a non-human being and a human being are clear then the next step could be investigation into correlated brain activities in each species.
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Re: Whale brain vs human brain - what defines the origin of 'human intelligence'?

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Intelligence is accelerated by dominance. Humans have been so dominant that a high percentage of them need not too worry much about being killed or dying of disease (until recently, anyway), allowing them to engage in more complex behaviours than fighting, fleeing, feeding and mating. Only an animal confident of its immediate safety can allow itself to be absorbed over long periods in complex activities like art, music, science, worship and so forth.

Another issue: whales and other intelligent marine mammals cannot create advanced technology, which requires the manipulation of fire, not to mention manual dexterity.

Let's say for argument's sake that whales are actually smarter that humans, more deeply aware of the nature of reality and more capable of eloquently expressing it. Now imagine that you send a genius child to live with a tribe in the remote Amazon and you send a child of average intelligence to a prestigious school with top quality tutoring and facilities.

Who is more likely to engage in advanced thought as time goes on? Maybe the genius child will become a legend in his or her limited sphere, creating more advanced tools or cookware than before? Perhaps, as suggested in the OP, this is the situation of whales - geniuses within their own rather alien sphere, unacknowledged by humans?

I suspect that the brain size of dolphins and whales relates less to depth of cognition rather than fidelity of echolocation. It's a different way of living. Imagine being in a whale pod navigating by echolocation. Your neighbour sends out a pulse to perceive what is ahead and the environmental data that bounces back is not available to the sender, but everyone. It would be like being able to have others see through your eyes.

Some years ago I saw some material (forgotten the detail), where a linguist analysed dolphin communications and found that it followed similar patterns to human languages. In languages, a pattern of common words, moderately common words and uncommon words can be charted in a line, and dolphin communications followed that pattern (as opposed to random distribution), albeit less complexly than in human languages. Generally, the way whales and dolphins live seems suggestive of nomad tribes.
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Re: Whale brain vs human brain - what defines the origin of 'human intelligence'?

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"We may philosophize well or ill, but we must philosophize." – Wilfrid Sellars
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Re: Whale brain vs human brain - what defines the origin of 'human intelligence'?

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Humpback whales have been found to save other animals including fish from attacking orcas and sharks. Whale experts believe that the motive is altruistic behavior or empathy.

animal-saved-by-whale.jpg
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Why Do Humpback Whales Protect Other Animals?
Humpbacks are capable of sophisticated thinking, decision-making, problem-solving, and communication, says Marino, the executive director of the Kimmela Center for Animal Advocacy.

... these attributes are those of a species with a highly developed degree of general intelligence capable of empathic responses.”

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/anim ... -explained

Stories by divers mention that dolphins perform the same behavior.

"Anecdotes have been passed down for centuries about dolphins at sea coming to the aid of distressed animals, including humans," an international team of researchers, led by Robert Pitman from the US National Marine Fisheries Service, say in a new review of the humpback behaviour.

Recently a woman was saved from a shark by a Humpback whale:

He kept putting his eye right next to me and I couldn’t figure out what he was trying to tell me. He eventually pushed me up right out of the water on his fin. Then I noticed a shark closeby and the whale was doing what it could to keep the shark away from me.”

Humpback Whales Have Brain Cells Also Found In Humans
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2 ... 111607.htm

As it appears, whale intelligence has never been thoroughly studied.

The following website, founded in 2016, provides an overview.

Image

https://whalescientists.com/

(2021) What do we know about intelligence in whales and dolphins?
"Could whales be as smart, if not smarter, than humans?

Cetacean brains are surprisingly similar to our own. Orcas, for example, show cerebral folding that is more impressive than in humans. This helps them process more information at remarkable speeds. Moreover, this particular species presents the most complex insular cortex in the world. This part of the brain is involved in consciousness and self-awareness as well as processing emotions such as empathy and compassion.
"
https://whalescientists.com/intelligenc ... -dolphins/

Pending question:
psyreporter wrote: September 2nd, 2021, 5:44 pm Feral children may prove your case. As it appears, the conclusion from research has been that socialization and culture are an important factor for 'humanity', the foundation for intelligence as seen from humanity's perspective (which would exclude potential advanced, deep and complex dreams and correlated thoughts that a feral child may have, which similarly may exist in whales and dolphins).
When it concerns the 'mind' for the use of science or philosophy, can it be said that whales and dolphins are incapable? If so, can that be made evident based on knowledge of the human brain or would it be a mere cultural / upraising barrier?
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Re: Whale brain vs human brain - what defines the origin of 'human intelligence'?

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Consul wrote: September 4th, 2021, 9:44 am* Ursula Dicke & Gerhard Roth: Neuronal factors determining high intelligence
Interesting, thanks.
The best fit between brain traits and degrees of intelligence among mammals is reached by a combination of the number of cortical neurons, neuron packing density, interneuronal distance and axonal conduction velocity—factors that determine general information processing capacity (IPC), as reflected by general intelligence. The highest IPC is found in humans, followed by the great apes, Old World and New World monkeys. The IPC of cetaceans and elephants is much lower because of a thin cortex, low neuron packing density and low axonal conduction velocity. By contrast, corvid and psittacid birds have very small and densely packed pallial neurons and relatively many neurons, which, despite very small brain volumes, might explain their high intelligence. The evolution of a syntactical and grammatical language in humans most probably has served as an additional intelligence amplifier, which may have happened in songbirds and psittacids in a convergent manner.
I'm thinking that language is important too, and the ability to use abstractions that not only makes language possible, but is amplified by language in a loop.

When it comes to cetaceans, in many instances they would not need words, given that they can use their sonar to effectively put images in others' minds in a moment that would take a human orator or writer far longer to evoke. However, sonar images are still rooted in the physical environment rather than abstractions, and algorithms/abstractions act as humanity's "lever" that "moves the world". Consider the difference between three silicon ingots:

- a blank computer chip, yet to have the circuits burnt on to them
- a computer chip from a Commodore 64
- a modern processor chip.

Each is just a silicon wafer, very similar to each other, differing in information density. As per the IPC model, it seems there's a similar situation when it comes to brains.
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Re: Whale brain vs human brain - what defines the origin of 'human intelligence'?

Post by FranknBerry »

The primary issue with this perception, from my perspective, is the concept of "intelligence". It's a word we toss around and hold with such great importance, yet society cannot come to an agreeance as to what precisely it is. It is a subjective term that while possesses a general overlap among many is uniquely defined in every individual. It's subjectivity makes it significantly biased. We do things differently than a whale does, yet from our biased perspectives we naturally hold our behaviors to be "higher", "better", and "more evolved" than behaviors seen in other organisms.

When the question is observed as "why are humans smarter than whales despite smaller brains?" or "what defines the origin of human intelligence?" we become blind to the underlying questions that better get at the heart of what such perceptions are seeking. "Why are we different?" and "What is intelligence, truly?" Perception is a giant steaming pile of cow dung. It is a subjectively biased translation of what actually is. In a sense, it is an illusion. There is an underlying element of truth to every perception, but it's barely recognizable.

If a concept of intelligence existed among whales than they would undoubtedly perceive themselves as superior in intelligence than humans. We don't do what they do, and ultimately that's the true measure of intelligence in regards to perception.

Science is an associated term we are conditioned to perceive as objective in how existence is measured and defined. The only thing that makes it objective is perception.
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Re: Whale brain vs human brain - what defines the origin of 'human intelligence'?

Post by Gertie »

Psy
1) when the brain of a whale is compared with that of a human, what can explain that a human is 'more intelligent' than a whale?
Depends on your criteria I suppose. But trying to assess what whale-intelligence might be like would be tricky.
2) what theory could explain human intelligence when the 'origin' is not the brain?
A theory which suggests that conscious experience is fundamental, rather than an emergent property of material processes (of brains).
3) is there an indication that the quality 'human being' as origin for its intelligence resides outside the scope of physiology? (ie that 'human being' as a 'kind' is somehow developed and maintained outside the scope of physiology)
Neural correlation makes that look unlikely. Whatever the 'origin' of conscious experience (which intelligence is an aspect of), we know brain states correlate with mental states, so there is a relationship there. This indicates a human brain 'manifests' conscious experience differently to a whale brain because of the brain differences - same with you and me but the differences between us are smaller. It also indicates some sort of relationship between specific material processes (brain states) and experiential states. So it looks unlikely there are independant fully formed 'human being kinds' like souls existing independantly of brains, even if conscious experience is somehow fundamental. It's possible, but that's not the way it looks like it works, some kind of mind-body relationship exists.
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by James E Doucette
September 2022

Mary Jane Whiteley Coggeshall, Hicksite Quaker, Iowa/National Suffragette And Her Speeches

Mary Jane Whiteley Coggeshall, Hicksite Quaker, Iowa/National Suffragette And Her Speeches
by John N. (Jake) Ferris
October 2022

In It Together: The Beautiful Struggle Uniting Us All

In It Together: The Beautiful Struggle Uniting Us All
by Eckhart Aurelius Hughes
November 2022

The Smartest Person in the Room: The Root Cause and New Solution for Cybersecurity

The Smartest Person in the Room
by Christian Espinosa
December 2022

2021 Philosophy Books of the Month

The Biblical Clock: The Untold Secrets Linking the Universe and Humanity with God's Plan

The Biblical Clock
by Daniel Friedmann
March 2021

Wilderness Cry: A Scientific and Philosophical Approach to Understanding God and the Universe

Wilderness Cry
by Dr. Hilary L Hunt M.D.
April 2021

Fear Not, Dream Big, & Execute: Tools To Spark Your Dream And Ignite Your Follow-Through

Fear Not, Dream Big, & Execute
by Jeff Meyer
May 2021

Surviving the Business of Healthcare: Knowledge is Power

Surviving the Business of Healthcare
by Barbara Galutia Regis M.S. PA-C
June 2021

Winning the War on Cancer: The Epic Journey Towards a Natural Cure

Winning the War on Cancer
by Sylvie Beljanski
July 2021

Defining Moments of a Free Man from a Black Stream

Defining Moments of a Free Man from a Black Stream
by Dr Frank L Douglas
August 2021

If Life Stinks, Get Your Head Outta Your Buts

If Life Stinks, Get Your Head Outta Your Buts
by Mark L. Wdowiak
September 2021

The Preppers Medical Handbook

The Preppers Medical Handbook
by Dr. William W Forgey M.D.
October 2021

Natural Relief for Anxiety and Stress: A Practical Guide

Natural Relief for Anxiety and Stress
by Dr. Gustavo Kinrys, MD
November 2021

Dream For Peace: An Ambassador Memoir

Dream For Peace
by Dr. Ghoulem Berrah
December 2021