I can't remember. Tamerlane (an Islamicized Mongol) founded the Timur Empire in Turkey and Asia at the end of the 14th century. The Islamicized Moghuls ruled in Northern India (and built the Taj Mahal) in the 17th century. But the trade routes and the mail systems connecting vast areas of land disappeared, or were far more dangerous.
The Turks remained a world power (Influenced by Tamerlane) -- conquering the Byzantines in 1453 and threatening Europe for the next 3 centuries. The sea battle of Lepanto (in which Cervantes fought) was in 1571, and slowed Turkish expansion, but they still were able to besiege Vienna as late as the 1680s (I think).